Within hours after cleaning, teeth become coated with a layer of salivary proteins, which can isolate antibacterial materials from bacteria, thereby reducing antimicrobial efficiency and long-term efficacy ( In addition to the two aforementioned oral-specific environmental resistance factors, the clinical translation of nanomaterials currently faces several challenges:(1) the long-term biosafety, biocompatibility, and functional durability of these nanomaterials within the oral cavity require rigorous assessment in live animal models and, ultimately, clinical trials (Sajithkumar et al., 2025)
Studies also demonstrate reduced fibrosis and improved functional recovery post-injury
LeClair, Arifeen Rahman, David E
R., ed., Raven Press (1983)
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