glp-1 antidepressant Microbiota-driven gut-brain signaling underlies effects of a analog Insights into a possible role

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Decreased DA neuron activity in VTA is associated with depression-related behaviors ( Changes in levels of various cytokines, which have potential effects on neurotransmitter metabolism, have been widely observed in the thyroid and orbital tissues of GD patients ( Subsequently, the alteration of these cytokines is involved in the disruption of monoamine neurotransmitters, including serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), and norepinephrine (NE) ( As neurotransmitters play a critical role in the function of the central nervous system, the disrupted metabolism of monoamine neurotransmitters can increase the risk of depressive behaviors

The recovery of the phospho-endothelial nitric oxide synthase (pNOS3) to NOS3 protein ratio in liraglutide-treated cardiomyocytes suggests that liraglutide- associated inhibition of oxidative stress-induced injury occurs via the IRS1-eNOS-PKG pathway in the aging heart [83]

Reader beware, this is a complex topic, but nonetheless, lets dig into this a bit more, with a look at how MTHFR relates to DNA methylation and the one-carbon pathway

[DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 43.Le Gal F., Korff C.M., Monso-Hinard C., Mund M.T., Morris M., Malafosse A., Schmitt-Mechelke T