Elevated plasma TMAO concentrations predict incident CVD risks in multiple clinical cohorts (47, 914), and both animal models with microbial transplantation (4, 15) and various studies on mice and humans with raised TMAO have revealed mechanistic and prognostic links between microbial TMAO production and both atherosclerosis and thrombosis, as well as chronic kidney disease and heart failure (46, 12, 13, 1618)
This concern was recently highlighted in a discussion regarding retatrutide, an investigational drug, in The New York Times
21, 2025, from Joung, K.I., Jung, G.W., Park, H.H., et al
Always consult relevant institutional guidelines and ethical review boards before commencing peptide research
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